Tender is the Night Quotes

Tender is the Night is a famous novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The work details the life and deterioration of Dr. Dick Diver, who falls in love with a mental patient. This novel was considered a failure at the time of its publication, but it is one of Fitzgeralds most important works. Here are a few quotes.​ Tender is the Night a bald man in a monocle and a pair of tights, his tufted chest thrown out, his brash navel sucked in, was regarding her attentively.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 1 so that while Rosemary was a simple child she was protected by a double sheath of her mothers armor and her own - she had a mature distrust of the trivial, the facile and the vulgar.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 3 Youre the only girl Ive seen for a very long time that actually did look like something blooming.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 4 so green and cool that the leaves and petals were curled with tender damp.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Chapter 6 he opened the gate to his amusing world. So long as they subscribed to it completely, their happiness was his preoccupation, bit at the fist flicker of doubt as to its all-inclusiveness he evaporated before their eyes, leaving little communicable memory of what he had said or done.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 6 the moment when the guests had been daringly lifted above conviviality into the rarer atmosphere of sentiment, was over before it could be irreverently breathed before they had half realized it was there.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 7 the too obvious appeal, the struggle with an unrehearsed scene and unfamiliar words.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 8 of course its done at a certain sacrifice - sometimes they seem just rather charming figures in a ballet, and worth the attention you five a ballet, but its more than that - youd have to know the story. Anyhow Tommy is one of those men that Dicks passed along to Nicole. Book 1,- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Ch. 10 She illustrated very simple principles, containing in herself her own doom, but illustrated them so accurately that there was grace in the procedure, and presently Rosemary would try to imitate it.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 12 Indeed, he had made a quick study of the whole affair, simplifying it always until it bore a faint resemblance to one of his own parties.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 13 He knew that there was passion there, but there was no shadow of it in her eyes or on her mouth; there was a faint spray of champagne on her breath. She clung nearer desperately and once more he kissed her and was chilled by the innocence of her kiss, by the glance that at the moment of contact looked beyond him out into the darkness of the night, the darkness of the world.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 15 The enthusiasm, the selflessness behind the whole performance ravished her, the technic of moving many varied types, each as immobile, as dependent on supplies of attention as an infantry battalion as dependent on rations, appeared so effortless that he still had pieces of his own most personal self for everyone.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 18 the shots had entered into all their lives: echoes of violence followed them out onto the pavement where two porters held a post-mortem beside them as they waited for a taxi.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 19 made an exit that she had learned young, and on which no director had ever tried to improve.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 25 And Lucky Dick cant be one of those clever men; he must be less intact, even faintly destroyed. If life wont do it for him its not a substitute to get a disease, or a broken heart, or an inferiority complex, though itd be nice to build out some broken side till it was better than the original structure.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 1 They said that you are a doctor, but so long as you are a cat it is different. My head aches so, so excuse this walking there like an ordinary with a white cat will explain, I think.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 2 I am slowly coming back to life... I wish someone were in love with me like boys were ages ago before I was sick. I suppose it will be years, though, before I could think of anything like that.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 2 We were just like lovers--and then all at once we were lovers--and ten minutes after it happened I could have shot myself--except I guess Im such a Goddamned degenerate I didnt have the nerve to do it. Book 2, Ch. 3 God, am I like the rest after all?- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 4 The weakness of the profession is its attraction for the man a little crippled and broken.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 6 Nicoles world had fallen to pieces, but it was only a flimsy and scarcely created world.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 7 the delight on Nicoles face--to be a feather again instead of a plummet, to float and not to drag.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 8 And if I dont know youre the most attractive man I ever met you must think I am still crazy.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2 Its my hard luck, all right--but dont pretend that I dont know--I know everything about you and me.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 9 As an indifference cherished, or left to atrophy, becomes an emptiness, to this extent he had learned to become empty of Nicole, serving her against his will with negations and emotional neglect.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 11 Here are more quotes from Tender is the Night, by F. Scott Fitzgerald. We own you, and youll admit it sooner or later. It is absurd to keep up the pretense of independence.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 13 Good manners are an admission that everybody is so tender that they have to be handled with gloves. Now, human respect--you dont call a man a coward or a liar lightly, but if you spend your life sparing peoples feelings and feeding their vanity, you get so you cant distinguish what should be respected in them.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 13 England was like a rich man after a disastrous orgy who makes up to the household by chatting with them individually, when it is obvious to them that he is only trying to get back his self-respect in order to usurp his former power.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 16 Good-by, my father--good-by, all my fathers.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 19 she only cherishes her illness as an instrument of power.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 1 There was some element of loneliness involved--so easy to be loved--so hard to love.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 2 to explain, to patch--these were not natural functions at their age--better to continue with the cracked echo of an old truth in the ears.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 2 Not without desperation he had long felt the ethics of his profession dissolving into a lifeless mass.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 3 If Europe ever goes Bolshevik shell turn up as the bride of Stalin.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 4 We cant go on like this--or can we?....What do you think?... Some of the time I think its my fault--Ive ruined you.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 5 She was somewhat shocked at the idea of being interested in another man--but other women have lovers--why not me?- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 6 If she need not, in her spirit, be forever one with Dick as he had appeared last night, she must be something in addition, not just an image on his mind, condemned to endless parades around the circumference of a medal.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 6 So delicately balanced was she between an old foothold that had always guaranteed her security, and the imminence of a leap from which she might alight changed in the very chemistry of blood and muscle, that she did not dare bring the matter into the true forefront of consciousness.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 7 Hes not received anywhere anymore.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 7 Either you think--or else others have to think for you and take power from you, pervert and discipline your natural tastes, civilize and sterilize you.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 7 No, Im not really--Im just a--Im just a whole lot of different simple people.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 8 Everything Tommy said became part of her forever.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 8 Tangled with love in the moonlight she welcomed the anarchy of her lover.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 8 Then why did you come, Nicole? I cant do anything for you anymore. Im trying to save myself.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 9 I have never seen women like this sort of women. I have known many of the great courtesans of the world, and for them I have much respect often, but women like these women I have never seen before.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 10 You dont understand Nicole. You treat her always as a patient because she was once sick.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 11 When people are taken out of their depths they lose their heads, no matter how charming a bluff they put up.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 12

Management and Study Unit - 41787 Words

COVER UNISA CENTRE FOR BUSINESS MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME IN PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE 2 PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT PPSM026 i  © 2011 University of South Africa All rights reserved Printed and published by the University of South Africa Muckleneuk, Pretoria Author: Ms Irma Fourie PPSM026/1/2011-2013 ii PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT (PPSM026) CONTENTS TOPIC 1: THE PURCHASING FUNCTION: AN OVERVIEW The purchasing function in perspective The task of purchasing and supply management Purchasing processes and procedures Study unit 1: Study unit 2: Study unit 3: TOPIC 2: MANAGING THE SUPPLY BASE Purchasing and supply strategy and policies Evaluation and selection of suppliers Study unit 4: Study unit 5:†¦show more content†¦You will remember something better if you understand it. We therefore suggest that you always follow the study guide when working through the prescribed book. One of the best ways to ensure that you understand the material is to summarise the theory in your own words. Work through one study unit at a time. The first tutorial letter, which accompanies this study guide, contains a proposed study programme that you can follow to ensure that you finish working through all the prescribed sections before the examination. The study programme also makes provision for adequate revision before the examination. If you follow the study programme and work through the study guide and prescribed book carefully, you can rest assured that you will know and understand the work and be able to apply it in practice. Wishing you every success, and enjoy this module! 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Comparative Analysis of Laptops Apple - Toshiba - Lenovo

Question: Discuss about theComparative Analysis of Laptopsfor Apple, Toshiba, Lenovo. Answer: Introduction: A laptop is a small, light, portable computer intended for daily use. In modern times, laptops are often termed as Notepads. Laptops are now becoming essential offices, in educational institution and in business transactions. Omans electronic market is expected to have a robust growth in the upcoming 4 years. This process is fuelled by the introduction of new technology. According to the Business Monitor International (BMI) the sales, which is at US $ 828 mn in 2013, is likely to grow by 33% to US $ 1.1 bn by 2017 (Abetti, Sumita and Kimura 2015). The Majan University College, a comparative analysis wanted to replace the old computers in the university with new laptops. As a chief researcher appointed by the university to compare and contrast the specifications and features of different laptop brands Apple, Lenovo and Toshiba. The Director of TAC, Mr. Ian McNaught, has asked for this report which has to be submitted by 6pm on 5th of November, 2016. Terms of Reference: As a chief researcher appointed by the Technology Advisory Committee (TAC) of Majan University College, a comparative analysis is done between laptop brands Apple, Lenovo and Toshiba to find out which brand is best suited to replace the old computers of the institution. Mainly official websites of the brands mentioned is used for the source of information. An empirical analysis on the data collected from the websites on features like appearances, operating system, camera, security, battery life, processor speed, durability, wireless capacity, cost/price of the laptop and warranty provided by the brand is done. The features of the laptop brands are compared with each other based on the information available in their websites. The best-found brand will be chosen for replacement of old computers in the university. The main limitation faced while fabricating this report is time. Due to shortage of time, the data collected is from a secondary source and not by forming a questionnaire. Direct information collected from the customers about their feedback on the laptop brands might give a more clear review about the laptop brands. This time constraint can be overcome with more number of staff. But lack of staff along with shortage of time are the main limitations faced while producing this report. Features: Some of the features of the leading laptop brands Lenovo, Apple and Toshiba, have been compared below. Appearances: Design: The Apple Macbook is designed with retina display and multi-million pixel view to and force-sensing trackpad. The display panel is tailored so that it can swivel up to an angle of 178 degree and can easily be lifted with a single hand. The pixels in 13-inch apple laptops are over 4-million and in 15 inches laptop is over 5-million. A resolution of 2560 by 1600 in 13 inch and a resolution of 2880 by 1800 in 15-inch laptop give accuracy to its image quality (Apple 2016). In Lenovo, the display panel is attached so as it can swivel up to 360 degree angle. The Lenovo laptops are featured with OLED technology (Lenovo.com 2016). The self-lighting technology gives high quality colors and sharp contrast to the display screen. Toshiba Ultrabook is has a fully detachable 12.5 inches display which enables the device for day-to-day purpose. Its light and sleek structure makes its handy and portable (Toshibamea.com 2016). Weight: The Apple Macbook of thickness 0.7 inch weighs 3 pounds and Macbook Air of thickness 2.4 inch weighs 11pounds (Apple 2016). The weight of Lenovo laptops varies from 2.8 lbs 5.1 lbs (Lenovo.com 2016). The weight of 12.5 inches Toshiba laptop is 1.1 kg to 1.4kg (Toshibamea.com 2016). Size: The Apple Macbook dimension varies from 11 inches to 15 inches where as its thickness varies between 0.7 inch to 2.4 inch (Apple 2016). The 14 inches Lenovo laptop has dimension of 13.11x9.01x0.67 (Lenovo.com 2016). The dimension of 12.5 inches laptop in Toshiba is 309x215.2x18.5-21.0 mm (Toshibamea.com 2016). Customers Feedback: Customers are happy with the services provided by Apple Authorized Service Centre. However, service and repair are expensive for Apple products while compared to Lenovo and Toshiba. Lenovo and Toshiba is also known for its customer support service (Montgomerie and Roscoe 2013). Support Service: The Apple experts are always available online. A call from customer support can be scheduled at a convenient time and get answer from their support system. Again, most issues can be addressed through iTunes. The local Apple Authorized Service Provider also arrange for shipment to an Apple Repair Centre (Cooke 2013). The support service of the the Lenovo laptops comprises of technical support, manuals and support resources. A technical agent provides technical support over telephone. Manuals are downloadable from internet. Toshiba has entered the Middle East many years back with its regional headquarters in Dubai. Toshiba Support Forum is created for the customers and it is eager to share knowledge, talk over technologies and solve problems. Toshiba also facilitates telephonic Technical support system and downloadable manuals (Ramanathan 2015). User Friendly: The Apple Macbook is designed so that it can connect with huge amount of storage and can add a PCI expansion chassis. All the models are provided with 2 ports, two USB 3 ports, a HDMI port, a SDXC card slot and a 3.5mm headphone jack (Apple 2016). The touch-screen property makes Lenovo laptops user friendly. The Lenovo laptops include a stylus pen that recharges itself when connected and can be used for next 100 minutes (Lenovo.com 2016). It helps in drawing and making notes. The touch screen technology provided by Toshiba makes it user friendly. Graphics adapter card Intel HD Graphics 5300 is also present in Toshiba laptops (Toshibamea.com 2016). RAM: The Random Access Memory (RAM) provided by Apple Macbook is 2GB GDDR5 that gives better performance while playing high-resolution games (Apple 2016). The Random Access Memory (RAM) in Lenovo laptops is 16 GB DDR3 (Lenovo.com 2016). The Random Access Memory (RAM) in Toshiba laptops is 4GB (onboard), LP-DDR3 (1,600 MHz) (Toshibamea.com 2016). Memory Storage: All most all models of Apple Macbook come with memory storage of 16GB which is superfast memory (Apple 2016). The memory storage available is up to 512 GB PCle NVMe SSD in Lenovo laptops (Lenovo.com 2016). The memory storage available between 128 GB to 750 GB in Toshiba laptops (Toshibamea.com 2016). Camera: The Apple Macbook is equipped with FaceTime HD Camera with image sensor to produce accurate colors and low level of image noise in low light. This helps to give sharpness and reduce motion blur. The face detection feature is also available which complement the face and skin tone (Apple 2016). The camera in Lenovo laptops is of 720 pixels (Lenovo.com 2016). The webcam in Toshiba laptops is featured with both 2D and 3D mode to capture still photographs and record videos (Toshibamea.com 2016). Wireless Capability: The Apple Macbook is equipped with 802.11ac Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 4.0 wireless technology helps to stay connected without network. If MacBook Pro to 802.11 ac Wi-Fi base station for example AirPort Extreme or AirPort Time Capsule, it gives 3x faster wireless performance (Apple 2016). With LTE-A, an advanced technology mobile broadband, the Lenovo laptops gets connected to internet. The optional WiGig Dock technology helps it to get connected to other devices (Lenovo.com 2016). Bluetooth 4.0 + LE and Wireless LAN are available in Toshiba laptops. It is also tailored with Intel WiDi and wireless display ready technology (Toshibamea.com 2016). Processor Speed: Apple Macbook, with 13 inches display, uses fifth-generation-core Intel Core i5 or Core i7 processor. The speed of the processor used in 13 inch Macbook has a speed up to 3.1GHz, shared L3 cache up to 4MB, Turbo Boost speeds up to 3.4GHz. The 15-inch model uses fourth-generation quad-core Intel Core i7 processors make work quicker with complex tasks. It has speed up to 2.8GHz, 6MB shared L3 cache and Turbo Boost speed up to 4.0 GHZ (Apple 2016). The Processor used in Lenovo laptops is 6th generation Intel 7-6600U with vPro, which facilitates manageability features and enhances security (Lenovo.com 2016). The processor used in Toshiba laptops is Intel Core M-5Y31 with Turbo boost Technology 2.0 (Toshibamea.com 2016). Security: Apple Macbook OS has built-in security features to prevent malwares affecting the software. Apple also keeps on updating their operating system whenever a new threat comes up. is a quick patch up for the loopholes (Apple 2016). Lenovo laptops has layered security system. SecureDoc technology provides full support to the management of self-encrypted hard drives. Computrace theft management technology automatically deletes data in case of emergency. Sophos malware technology acts as a powerful weapon against viruses malware and trozans (Lenovo.com 2016). Toshiba laptops uses network keys while connecting to the internet. Internet is the main source of viruses. This network key acts as a firewall to those malwares and viruses (Toshibamea.com 2016). Battery Life: The 13 inch MacBook battery last up to 10 hours where as the 15 inch model battery last up to 9 hours. They provide 12 hours and 9 hours of iTunes movie playback respectively (Apple 2016). Battery life is approximately 11 hours while unplugged in Lenovo laptops though subject to usage, settings and other factors (Lenovo.com 2016). Battery life is approximately 9 hours in Toshiba laptops (Toshibamea.com 2016). Durability: The Apple Macbook body is aluminum made, giving it solid and cleaner look than compared to other laptops with plastic bodies. The aluminum cover will not crack when dropped but is more prone to scratches. Its lighter and leaner look makes it a sturdy and well-built laptop (Apple 2016). The Lenovo laptops are thin, light and durable. They are tested against military specifications to endure extreme situations (Lenovo.com 2016). The display screen in Toshiba laptops is covered with IOX glass and LED backlightining with aspect ratio 16:9. This supports the display screen from cracks when dropped (Toshibamea.com 2016). Cost / Price: The price of Apple Macbook range varies between OMR 342 to OMR 418. The price of the Lenovo laptops ranges from OMR 68 to OMR 400. The price of the Toshiba laptops ranges between OMR 93 to OMR 300 (Firend and Altiman 2012). Warranty: The Apple Macbook comes with 90 days of free telephonic support from direct technical experts and a 1-year limited warranty. With the availability of Apple Care Protection Plan, one can extend warranty up to 3 years (Apple 2016). In Lenovo, the warranty period is a fixed period of 1 year from the date of purchase. Lenovo Protection Plan covers battery failure, touch screen malfunction, camera malfunction, cracked screen and headphone jack failure (Lenovo.com 2016). Toshiba offers a 2-year international carry-in warranty. It also provides a large range of services for warranty up gradation (Toshibamea.com 2016). Software (OS): The operating system used in Apple Macbook is Mac OS X El Captain (Apple 2016). The Lenovo laptops use Windows 10 Pro Operating System (Lenovo.com 2016). The Toshiba laptops use Windows 8 Pro 64-bit Operating System (Toshibamea.com 2016). Industry Ranking: In Oman, Apple is one of the most trusted brands just preceded by Samsung. Lenovo is well known in consumer electronic business. Apple ranked first worldwide in 2016 (Menzel 2013) whereas lenovo is ranked 43rd worldwide. Compared to Apple, Toshiba has ranked 10th worldwide in production of laptops worldwide in 2016 (Firend and Altiman 2012). Recommendations: Lenovo and Toshiba laptops do not have the brand name as compared to Apple leaving space for Toshiba and Lenevo to improve and rise in their ranking list. Camera quality in Toshiba laptops not as good as in Lenovo and Apple Macbook. Though the design and the display screen in Apple Macbook is much ahead of Toshiba and Lenovo in terms of technology, its cost is also higher than the other two brands. The battery life is almost similar in all three laptop brands but Lenovo laptop provides the higher version of Operating System than in Toshiba. Apple uses a different operating system which is more advanced than the other two. The processor used in Apple MacBook is technologically higher than Lenovo and Toshiba. In terms of both providing customer service and prices of laptops, Apple is more expensive compared to the other two brands. Lowering the price might help Apple to capture the customers with low budget. Memory storage facility as provided by Apple is only 16 GB, which is much lower compared to other brands. Hence, Apple is the recommended brand that should replace the old computers in Majan University College (Salciuviene, Lee and Yu 2012). Conclusion: A comparative analysis of the features is done between Apple, Lenovo and Toshiba laptops. The prices of laptops often vary depending upon the features, technological advancement. Comparing the features like Operating System, RAM, appearances, memory storage, price level, customer feedback, support system, warranty, durability, processor speed, industry ranking of the laptop brands are compared here to find out the best brand that can replace the old computers in Majan University College as requested by the Technology Advisory Committee. It is found that Apple will be the suited brand for replacement, which will enhance the process of teaching and learning and thus improving the whole education system (Gellert 2016). RAM, operating system and security is well advanced in Apple laptops compared to other laptops. References: Abetti, P.A., 2014. Informal corporate entrepreneurship: implications from the failure of the Concorde alloy foundry and the success of the Toshiba laptop.International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management,4(6), pp.529-545. Abetti, P.A., Sumita, U. and Kimura, Y., 2015. Toshiba information Systems: From mainframes to laptops and notebook computers.International Journal of Technology Management,10, pp.139-160. Apple. (2016).Mac. [online] Available at: https://www.apple.com/om/mac/ [Accessed 20 Oct. 2016]. Cooke, P., 2013. Qualitative analysis and comparison of firm and system incumbents in the new ICT global innovation network.European Planning Studies,21(9), pp.1323-1340. Firend, A.R. and Abu Altiman, A., 2012. Purchasing Behaviour in Multi-Ethnic Society, Computer Brand Preferences.International Journal of Business and Management Research,4(1). Gellert, F.J., 2016. Lenovo: A Case Study on Strengthening the Position in the European Market Through Innovation. InMultinational Management(pp. 95-109). Springer International Publishing. Kasulaitis, B.V., Babbitt, C.W., Kahhat, R., Williams, E. and Ryen, E.G., 2015. Evolving materials, attributes, and functionality in consumer electronics: case study of laptop computers.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,100, pp.1-10. Lee, B.K., Hong, J.Y. and Lee, W.N., 2014. How attitude toward the web site influences consumer brand choice and confidence while shopping online.Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication,9(2), pp.00-00. Lenovo.com. (2016).Lenovo - Services Warranty | Lenovo |. [online] Available at: https://www.lenovo.com/services-warranty/ae/en/ [Accessed 20 Oct. 2016]. Menzel, A., 2013. How well placed Apple is to sustain its recent success in the Consumer Electronics Industry. Montgomerie, J. and Roscoe, S., 2013, December. Owning the consumerGetting to the core of the Apple business model. InAccounting Forum(Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 290-299). Elsevier. Nas?r, V.A., Yoruker, S., Gne?, F. and Ozdemir, Y., 2016. FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSUMERSLAPTOP PURCHASES. In6th Global Conf on Bus. Econ. Quelch, J. and Knoop, C.I., 2016.Lenovo: Building a global brand. HBS Publ.. Ramanathan, K.V., 2015. Brand management in electronic products with special reference to laptop; an empirical study.Editor Desk, p.86. Salciuviene, L., Lee, K. and Yu, C.C., 2012. The impact of brand image dimensions on brand preference.Economics Management. Toshibamea.com. (2016).Home | Toshiba in the Middle East. [online] Available at: https://www.toshibamea.com/ [Accessed 20 Oct. 2016].

The Discovery Of The New World And The Columbian Exchange Essay Example For Students

The Discovery Of The New World And The Columbian Exchange Essay Entry 1 In chapter one of the study book by Foner Eric, we learned about the discovery of the New World and the Columbian exchange. Some of the notable first Americans who settled in the newly discovered land included Indians, mound builders who resided along the Missisipi River, western Indians and those who lived in the eastern north America. It is also crucial to mention that the New World was robust with activities such as construction work. It is most likely the early inhabitants of America shaped the land and reputation of this region as we know it today. Civilization through religion also played a vital role in advancing the ideals of the American society. We will write a custom essay on The Discovery Of The New World And The Columbian Exchange specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now For example, the Native American religion was the centre piece that fast-tracked social activities like hunting and farming. Entry 2 The second topic reveals a lot about events at Jamestown. Between 1607 and 1660, the New World and England were at close interaction with each other. At the same time, the religious conflicts that reigned during 16th century were a major source of conflict that destabilized England. Nonetheless, it is surprising that the conflict did not turn down the rapid integration and growth of civilization between 1607 and 1660. While England sought to interact with both North America and Ireland, its mission was to subdue the emerging states and probably declare itself as the watchdog and dominant force to reckon with in both Europe and North America. These were vivid motives for colonization. In spite of the conflicts emanating from religion, England and the New World continued to build strong ties. Entry 3 Immigration was a vital undertaking bearing in mind that human habitation of the new land was needed. Initially, Englishmen wanted to ventur. .t historians referred to as the Great Awakening. Entry 10 From 1820, rapid reforms in various sectors of the American economy began in earnest. Perhaps, one would wonder why reforms were necessary in a nation that had gone through so much transformations and tribulations. As expected, the era of reform came as an impulse since it was hardly anticipated. Utopian communities were used in the reform policy. The long-founded Mormons Trek was also instrumental during this time. We may not also ignore the terse relationship between religion and reform in the new age in America. After the Second Great Awakening, religious revivalism became a reality. Perfectionism was thereafter perfected by these religious enthusiasts and pundits. This stretched further into campaigns against slavery and slave trade that were still being practiced in the ‘civilized’ American society.

salt fluid mixture using SAFT and Molecular Dynamics. The WritePass Journal

Developing a thermodynamic equation of state for CO2/water/salt fluid mixture using SAFT and Molecular Dynamics. Previous Research Track Record Developing a thermodynamic equation of state for CO2/water/salt fluid mixture using SAFT and Molecular Dynamics. Previous Research Track RecordSome selected publications2.1 Background:   Introduction2.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Background:   Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (SAFT).  2.3 Research Hypothesis and Objectives2.4   Programme and MethodologyMilestones of proposed research: these are2.5   Relevance to Academic BeneficiariesReferencesRelated Previous Research Track Record Christopher Jumbo, the principal investigator in this research project, is an MSc postgraduate student of Environment and Sustainable Technology in the School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences (CEAS) at the University of Manchester. He completed his undergraduate degree programme in 2009 and holds a BSc degree (with first class distinction honours) in geology from the University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. He has worked quite appreciably in the area of sedimentary petrology. In 2008, his BSc research project dissertation saw him work on the petrographic analysis of sedimentary rocks (sandstone, shale, limestone and siltstone) mapped around the south-western extension of the Chad basin in Northeast Nigeria. This work also evaluated reservoir properties (porosity and permeability) of the basin and was supervised by Dr. Elnaffaty. A passion for environmental sustainability in the energy sector geared his research interest to modelling CO2 storage potentials in geologic reservoi rs. Receiving an award for his outstanding undergraduate performance (an MSc overseas scholarship sponsor by the Petroleum Technology development fund (PTDF) in 2010) saw him come to the University of Manchester where he now focuses in this research area. The principal co-investigator, Professor Andrew Masters, is a professor of chemical physics in CEAS at the University of Manchester. He completed his PhD in 1980 at the University of Cambridge and was post-doctoral associate between 1980 and 1984 in both Yale University and the University of Paris Sud, France respectively. Professor Masters has worked in the area of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics for 26 years and has over 90 publications accredited to him in this area. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC) and a member of the molecular modelling, simulation and design research group. His research interest can broadly be categorised as the theory and modelling of soft-matters, i.e. liquids, liquid crystals, colloidal suspension, polymers and gels. The underlying thread of all his research is the ability to predict the properties of a material from knowledge about its molecular make-up. He currently is a co-investigator for a NERC grant on CO2 storage, with collaborations from Leeds, Cambridge and British Geological Society. He has supervised ten PhD students to completion and currently supervises two Post-Doctorate and five PhD students. Some selected publications [1] S. J. Halstead and A. J. Masters. Mol. Phys, 2010. 108(2): 193-203. [2] M. Dennison, A. J. Masters, D. L. Cheung, and M. P. Allen. Mol. Phys, 2009. 107: 375-382. [3] A. J. Masters. J. Phys.:Condens. Matter, 2008. 20: 1-10. [4] R. J. Dimelow and A. J. Masters. Mol. Simulation, 2007. 33: 1165-1166. [5] D. L. Cheung, L. Anton, M. P. Allen, and A. J. Masters. Computer Physics Communication, 2008. 179: 61-65. [6] A. J. Masters, X-M You, and A. Vlasov. Mol. Phys, 2005. 123: 1-7. [7] C. P. Lowe and A. J. Masters. J. Chem. Phys, 1998. 108: 183-198.       2.1 Background:   Introduction Global anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), mainly CO2, from fossil fuel combustion to the atmosphere have being identified as affecting the stability of the earth’s climate. A general consensus by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that the emissions and relative causes must be mitigated [IPCC, 2001]. Also, meeting the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCC) stabilization target, large reductions in GHG emissions is required, particularly CO2 emissions. Underground geologic storage of CO2 (from stationery emission sources) is viewed as a viable economic strategy of achieving this reduction as well as increasing the flexibility in developing alternative energy sources [Czernichowski-Lauriol et al., 2002]. CO2 injection in geologic reservoirs is employed by the petroleum industry to improve recovery rates of oil and gas in declining oil and gas fields, a process known as enhanced oil recovery (EOR) [NETL, 2010b]. The lar ge volume of saline aquifers (20% to 500% of projected CO2 emissions to 2050, Davidson et al., 2001), common occurrence and non-potential source for potable water makes storage in saline aquifers an option considered for geologic sequestration of CO2. Storage in saline aquifers can be achieved by either physical trapping (buoyant supercritical CO2), solubility trapping (Dissolution in brine), ionic (dissolved bicarbonate ion) and mineral (solid carbonate precipitate) trapping mechanisms [Czernichowski-Lauriol et al., 2002]. However, dissolution of CO2 in saline waters (solubility trapping) is considered the most important long-term retention state [Bickle, M. et al., 2007]. A key aspect of CO2 sequestration is the need to accurately predict CO2 solubility in aqueous solution at high pressures (associated with deep depth injection), over a geologic period of time. Hence a reliable equation of state is an essential ingredient for transport modelling which predicts the ultimate fate of stored CO2. Our idea is to develop a robust equation of state using the statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT) approach plus molecular dynamic simulations (using DL_POLY program) to accurately describe the thermodynamic properties and vapour-liquid equilibrium of CO2, water and salt mixtures, as this will aid in describing the solubility of CO2 in saline aquifers. 2.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Background:   Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (SAFT). Carbon dioxide is usually injected into saline aquifers as a supercritical fluid. Interactions between CO2, water and salt (NaCl) are a combination of associating and non-associating chain fluid mixtures. While water is a highly associating fluid [Gill-Villegas. A., et al. 1997], CO2 is considered a non-associating chain molecule and strong electrolyte solution of aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) have being considered non-associating [Robinson, R. A., 1965]. However this only applies to ambient conditions. It has being shown that ion-ion association (ion pairing) occur in aqueous electrolyte solution as temperatures approach the critical point for water (due to the decrease in dielectric constant of water) [Pitzer, K. S. J., 1993]. Readily employed engineering equation of state, such as Peng-Robinson, Soave-Redlich-Kwong and Benedict-Webb-Rubin, are improvements on the hard sphere contribution and/or mean field term of the van der Waals equation. Their empirical approach can accurately describe the thermodynamic behaviours of simple, nearly-spherical low molecular mass hydrocarbon and simple inorganic (e.g. N2, CO, O2 etc). However the reference rapidly becomes inappropriate in predicting fluids mixtures of highly associating and non-spherical chain molecules [Economou. G.I., 2002]. This is because, for such fluids new intermolecular forces such as columbic forces, complexing forces and forces due to association comes into play which are not explicitly taking into consideration by such approach [Economou. G.I., 2002]. A more appropriate reference should incorporate the contribution of molecular shape and association as they certainly affect the fluid structure. It is in this light that Chapman et al. (in 1990) proposed an equation of state for associating chain molecules based on a series of Wertheim first-order thermodynamic perturbation expansion of Helmholtz energy [Wertheim, M. S., 1984a; 1984b; 1986a; 1986b; 1986c] called statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT). SAFT   relates the thermodynamic properties of a fluid to its intermolecular forces. In the SAFT approach, the molecular contribution to the macroscopic behaviour of the fluid is via a sum of terms which include the separate effect of the molecular shape (chain length), dispersion interaction and molecular association [Galindo, A. et al., 1998]. This consideration makes SAFT suitable for a broad range of molecules, from non-associating, near-spherical and non-spherical molecules, to associating, near-spherical and non-spherical molecules [Chapman, G. W. et al., 1990]. SAFT essentially considers complex molecules to be built-up of tangentially touching spherical monomers. The general equation for SAFT Helmholtz free energy for associating chain molecules is given by   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (1) Where   is the ideal free energy,     is the excess Helmholtz energy of the free monomers,   is the Helmholtz free energy change on connecting the monomers into chains and   is the contribution to the free energy due to intermolecular association.   are the number of molecules, Boltzmann constant and temperature (K) respectively [Gill-Villegas, A. et al., 1997]. Several modification of the original Lennard-Jones (LJ) segment (used by Chapman et al.) has being made to improve the description of the monomer-monomer contribution [Banaszak, M. et al., 1993; Ghonasgi, D. Chapman, G. J., 1994; Tavares, F. W. et al., 1995]. In the modified version of SAFT (SAFT-VR) developed by Gill-Villegas and co-workers, an arbitrary potential of variable range is used to used to describe the chain molecules of hard-core segment. An additional derived parameter, the range (, allows for treatment of highly non-conformal fluid mixtures [Gill-Villegas, A. et al., 1997]. In the SAFT-VR approach, the monomer-monomer dispersion interactions are represented by second-order high-temperature perturbation expansion using a compact expression for the first order perturbation term,   (mean attractive energy). The derived second-perturbation term,  describes fluctuation of the attractive energy due to the fluid compression effect of [Gill-Villegas, A. et al., 1997]. This effect correlates to macroscopic thermodynamic compression described by local density variation of the fluid. The expression is derived from Barker and Henderson perturbation theory, and given as   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (2) Where   and   are the first and second perturbation term associated with the attractive energy of the variable range.  is the Helmholtz free energy for a mixture of hard spheres.   Ã‚  is the inverse of temperature (T in Kelvin),   and   is Boltzmann constant. When applied to mixtures SAFT-VR is simply straightforward. The mean value theorem (MVT) for pure component is still applicable in evaluating for monomer mixtures. Also the contact value and radial distribution function for pure components in mixtures can be combined obtaining similar expressions to that of pure component [Gill-Villegas, A. et al., 1997]. The equation was tested for a square well potential (SW), a Yukawa (Y) potential and a Sutherland (S) potential. Excellent representation of the vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for binary mixtures of water with non-electrolytes was observed below the critical region when vapour-liquid coexistence densities were correlated with simulated results. SAFT-VR was however inadequate in describing the thermodynamic behaviour at the critical region. Galindo, A. et al., 1998, applied several mixing rule to account for the binary mixtures of non-conformal fluids using SAFT-VR, but the approach failed to adequately describe phase behaviours at the critical region. Our aim is to extend the order of thermodynamic perturbation of the monomer-monomer attractive energy term to describe the phase behaviour at the critical region. Having obtained a good description of the thermodynamic properties of water, Galindo, A. et al., 1999, extended the SAFT approach to mixtures of strong electrolyte solution (SAFT-VRE) using SW potential. Here, water molecules are modelled as hard sphere with four associating short range sites describing the hydrogen-bonding association and electrolyte molecules are modelled as two hard spheres (cation and anion) of different sizes. The mean-spherical-approximation (MSA) for the restricted primitive model was used to account for the long-range columbic ion-ion interaction. The long range water-water and ion-water attractive interaction were modelled as second-order high temperature perturbation expansion as with the SAFT-VR approach [Galindo, A. et al., 1999]. The general expression for the SAFT-VRE approach takes into consideration contributions from the ion-ion interactions and is given as   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (3) Here   is the contribution to the Helmholtz free energy from ion-ion interactions. All other terms are the same as those in equation (1). The SAFT-VRE approach can be easily extended to solutions of mixed salts as the potential parameters used are determined in terms of ions. For all studied salts (including NaCl) in a temperature range of 273-373K, the SAFT-VRE calculated vapour pressure reproduced the experimental data well. However, saturated liquid densities are slightly overestimated [Galindo, A. et al., 1999]. Our aim is to improve the VLE prediction over an increased temperature range by the addition of new terms to account for the ion-ion dispersion interaction effect. We run the DL_POLY molecular dynamics simulation package on one and two component systems using the literature potential parameters for pure CO2 molecules and aqueous NaCL salt solution mixtures respectively and validate against experiment. Once validated, simulation results can be used in addition to experimental data to validate the SAFT-VR expressions. We will also further run SAFT programme for CO2 as non-associating chain molecule using equation (1) and SAFT-VRE for mixtures of associating water molecule and two (cation and anion) associating ions using equations (3).   2.3 Research Hypothesis and Objectives We propose developing a robust thermodynamic equation of state for CO2/water/salt mixtures by using the SAFT approach and Molecular dynamics (DL_POLY) simulations. This entails improving the parameterisation of the model and including new terms to improve the thermodynamic descriptions at the critical point of the mixtures. The project takes advantage of the recent advances in modelling highly non-conformal associating chain mixtures [Gill-Villegas, A. et al., 1997], strong electrolytic mixtures [Galindo, A. et al., 1999] and simulation representation of complex fluid mixtures [Koneshan, S. et al., 2000; Lopez-Rendon, R. et al., 2008], making it feasible. Never before has the quaternary system of CO2/water/salt mixtures being modelled using a SAFT approach and the increasing need to mitigate GHG emissions (especially CO2) makes the project quite timely. The hypothesis and objectives of the various work packages (WP) are: WP1: the accurate prediction of the thermodynamics and structural properties of CO2 and aqueous solution mixtures will depend on the interaction potential model. Our objectives are to validate molecular dynamic simulation results (DL_POLY) for the various component mixtures utilising literature potentials validated against experiment. Where good matches are obtained, this will serve as a reference to improve the quality of SAFT parameters (where experimental data are lacking). WP2: the mean spherical approximation (MSA) used for the restricted primitive model (RPM) in the SAFT-VRE approach accounts exclusively for the ion-ion coulombic interaction for which electrolyte ions are assumed to be immersed in a uniform dielectric medium. Dispersive interactions between the ions, however, are lacking. Our objective is to include a new term to account for the ion-ion dispersion effect in the salt solution. WP3: in the SAFT-VR approach the monomer properties are obtained from a second-order high temperature perturbation expansion of the SW variable range potential. Our objective is to add a third-order perturbation term in powers of the square well depth () of   to improve the description of the VLE at the critical point. 2.4   Programme and Methodology WP1:  Ã‚   we will first run DL_POLY with one component system for pure water and CO2 molecules using literature interaction potentials [Lopez-Rendon, R. et al., 2008] at a given temperature and pressure range. Water will be represented as an extended simple point charge (SPC/E), as this model takes into account the polarization of water in an approximate way. Simulated results will be validated against experimental result to verify the usability of the chosen force field. Validated results for the pure components of CO2 and water will be used to run DL_POLY with binary mixture system for water-CO2, water-NaCL and water-water mixtures, utilising literature interaction potential for NaCl [Koneshan, S. et al., 2000]. Simulated results will again be tested against experimental results. If convergences occur between the vapour pressure and liquid densities the simulated result will serve as a reference to correlate the SAFT model. A molecular simulation tracks the motion of individual molecules in time and can be used to interpret experimental results or serve as substitute where no experimental data are available. Finally, we will run SAFT with one component and with binary mixture system for pure molecules of water and CO2 respectively, using literature parameters for the SAFT-VR approach (i.e. square well range, , depth, and segment diameter, , association energy,   and association volume,   ) [Galindo, A. et al., 1999; Alain, V. et al., 2004]. Where   and   , is the association energy and volume due to short range attraction between hydrogen site and oxygen electron on two different molecules. Water is modelled as a hard-sphere with four short-range non-central associating sites representing hydrogen bonding () while CO2 is modelled as tangential touching spherical dimer chain molecule (without associating sites,). These parameters are validated against experimental and/or simulation result and optimised if not well-fitted using the simplex method. This is important in describing the thermodynamic properties of real substances. WP2:  Ã‚   we will use the optimized intermolecular potentials for pure water component and run SAFT with ternary mixture system for mixtures of water in strong electrolytic solution of NaCl, utilised the extended version of SAFT-VR for strong electrolyte solution (SAFT-VRE) [Galindo, A. et al., 1999]. Water is modelled in the same spirit as SAFT-VR and contributions to Helmholtz free energy are given by equation (3). Solvent-solvent, solvent-ion and ion-ion interaction contribution will be considered  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [Galindo, A. et al., 1999]. MSA assume RPM will account for the long-range coulombic interaction. However the assumption of a zero long range attractive square well ion-ion interaction will be relaxed. This has being assumed in previously modelled water-NaCl mixtures [Galindo, A. et al., 1999; Gill-Villegas, A. et al., 2000] for which equally-sized ionic molecules are solvated in a uniform dielectric solvent medium at ambient conditions. This approach has however f ailed to describe accurately thermodynamic properties at the critical point. We will be taking into account the molality of saline aquifers to relax this assumption and add a new term accounting for the ion-ion dispersion effect of the coulombic contribution to Helmholtz free energy. This is so because the effect of strong electrolytic ions on properties of highly associating polar solvent such as water can alter the critical constant of water within the critical point, leading to ion-ion association [Koneshan, S. et al., 2000]. NaCl intermolecular parameters will be taking from literature [Galindo, A. et al., 1999]. Finally, determined intermolecular parameters of the ternary mixture will fitted against experimental and/or simulated result and optimised using the simplex method. WP3:      lastly, in the SAFT-VR approach (basis for formalism in the SAFT-VRE), contribution to the Helmholtz free energy due to long-range dispersion forces is obtained via a second order high-temperature perturbation expansion of the variable range [Gill-Villegas, A. et al., 1997]. This level of approximation has excellently described thermodynamic behaviours below the critical point but fails as temperatures approach the critical point. It has being suggested that incorporating a new term due to third order perturbation in the powers of the attractive square-well depth () in the monomer-monomer segment contribution will significantly improve thermodynamic description at the critical point (recent personal communication of Masters with Galindo). This we would evaluate for mixtures of optimised ternary intermolecular SW potential parameters for water mixture in aqueous NaCl solution and previously optimised CO2 dimer molecular intermolecular parameters. It should be noted that never before has CO2/water/salt mixtures being modelled using SAFT approach and so no theoretical results are available. However the SAFT-VRE approach allows for such complex mixtures in its formalism using relatively straight forward combinations with mixing rules [Galindo, A. et al., 1999]. We will run CO2/water/salt mixtures in SAFT with quaternary system. New interaction to be considered will be CO2-water in coexisting phases. Salt will be restricted to the liquid phase (as it is assumed to be non-volatile even at high temperatures) [Parisod, C. J., 1981]. Finally, modelled results will be compared with experimental results. Knowing the Helmholtz free energy all other macroscopic thermodynamic parameters at VLE can be evaluated, hence the solubility of CO2 in saline aquifer determined. Being able to accurately predict the solubility of CO2 in saline aquifers is essential for long-term sequestration of injected CO2. Milestones of proposed research: these are M1.1:   New simulation results using DL_POLY one component and binary mixture systems for CO2/water/salt mixtures. M1.2:   Improved parameterisation of literature intermolecular potential for water and CO2 pure components using SAFT one component and binary mixture system respectively, validated against simulation results. M2.1:   Reformulation of the ion-ion coulombic interaction contribution to Helmholtz free energy to incorporate a dispersion effect between ions. M2.2:   Improved description of thermodynamic properties of water at critical point. M3.1:   Modification of SAFT-VR formalism in the monomer-monomer segment contribution to overall Helmholtz free energy and enhance predictive capability of approach within the critical point of mixtures. M3.2:   New intermolecular parameters for CO2/water/salt mixtures using SAFT with quaternary system approach validated against experimental results. 2.5   Relevance to Academic Beneficiaries One key benefit obtainable from this project is the development of an improved equation of state using statistical mechanics for CO2/water/salt mixtures. Once this improvement is attained faster and more accurate description of the mixture will be developed enhancing the prediction of CO2 solubility in saline water using theoretical models. A positive outcome will certainly interest the research community, and this will correlate directly to industries (such as the petroleum industries) performing, or intending to explore the option of, CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers. Better prediction of the thermodynamic properties of electrolytic solution at the critical region using a statistical mechanics approach, is one of great interest to applied physical sciences, molecular physics and the engineering community. References [1]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. Gill-Villegas, A. Galindo, P. J. Whitehead, S. J. Mills, and G. Jackson. J. Chem. Phys., 1997. 106: 4168-4186. [2]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. Galindo, A. Gill-Villegas, G. Jackson and A. N. Burgess. J. Phys. Chem., 1999. 103: 10272-10281. [3]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. Galindo, L. A. Davies, A. Gill-Villegas, and G. Jackson. Mol. Phys., 1998. 2: 241-252. [4]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. Valtz, A. Chapoy, C. Loquelet, P. Paricaud, D. Richon. Fluid Phase Equiliria, 2004. 226: 333-344. [5]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. J. Parisod, and E. J. Plattner. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1981. 26: 16. [6]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D. Ghonasgi, and W. G. Chapman. J. Chem. Phys., 1994. 100: 6633. [7]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   F. W. Tavares, J. Change, and S. I. Sandler. Mol. Phys., 1995. 86: 1451. [8]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I, Czernichowski-Lauriol, H. Pauwels, P. Vigouroux, L. Nindre. 2002. Proceeding of 6th  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies (GHGT-6). J. Gale and Y. Kaya (Eds) pp. 411-416, Japan. Elsevier Science Ltd. [9]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I. G. Economou. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2002. 41: 953-962. [10]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IPCC. 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basic, Summary for policymakers and Technical Summary of the working Group I Report. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. [11]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   J. Davidson, P. Freund, and A. Smith. 2001. Putting Carbon back in the Ground. IEA Greenhouse Gas RD Programme. [12]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   K. S. Pitzer. J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1993. 25: 7. [13]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   M. Banaszak, Y. C. Chiew, M. Radosz. Mol. Phys. Rev. E., 1993. 48: 3760. [14]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   M. Bickle, A. Chadwick, H. E. Huppert, M. Hallworth, and S. Lyle. Earth and Planetary Science Letter, 2007. 255: 164-176. [15]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   M. S. Weirtheim. J. Stat. Phys., 1984a. 35: 19-34. [16]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   M. S. Weirtheim. J. Stat. Phys., 1984b. 35: 35-47. [17]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   M. S. Weirtheim. J. Stat. Phys., 1986a. 42: 459-476. [18]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   M. S. Weirtheim. J. Stat. Phys., 1986b. 42: 477-492. [19]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   M. S. Weirtheim. J. Stat. Phys., 1986c. 85: 2929-2936. [20]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   R. A. Robinson, and R. H. Stokes. Electrolyte Solutions. 2nd ed, Butterworths: London, 1965. [21]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   R. Lopez-Rendon, and C. R. Jayendran. J. Chem. Phys., 2008. 52: 88-92. [22]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   S. Koneshan, and C. R. Jayendran. J. Chem. Phys., 2000. 113: 8125-8137. [23]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   W. G. Chapman, K. E. Gubbins, J. George, and M. Radosz. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1990. 29: 1709-1721.

Free Essays on Chess

Chess is a very versatile game that can be related to or compared with many other things. Such as philosophy, war, film, etc. But the topic that I have chosen to research on is â€Å"chess and computers†. Since the birth of the technology i.e. Computer, chess players are being compared to artificial intelligence. Researchers are trying to find out who can play better chess. Humans or Artificial Intelligence. At present computers can only use the intelligence that is load in it. But it can have many more moves than human chess player can think. Such as computer chess program â€Å"Deep Blue†, which has beaten few chess grand masters. However, when computer plays chess, it does not think about the move it makes but performs a series of calculations to make the right move. This all based on the positions of the pieces on the board. Human chess players use their skills, judgment and previous experiences to decide about the moves they are going to make. Many chess computers can play at high levels due to fast calculations, but at this speed the computer has an advantage over human chess player because human brain cannot perform calculations at the speed a computer can. Despite this all, a human chess player can also have the advantage of thought and the abilities, which he had gained from his previous experience. If a human chess player made some unusual chess moves, which computer cannot predict because all computer intelligence is based on algorithms and any unusual move can throw computer off guard and that gives the human chess player advantage over the computer in the chess game. So the question here is, â€Å"Is the artificial intelligence is at level of human intelligence or not?† According to Boden, â€Å"The human brain is the most complex part of the human body if not the most complex subject known to human kind. Although a computer may work on a complicated series of circuits and processors it is a relatively simple item to ... Free Essays on Chess Free Essays on Chess Chess is a very versatile game that can be related to or compared with many other things. Such as philosophy, war, film, etc. But the topic that I have chosen to research on is â€Å"chess and computers†. Since the birth of the technology i.e. Computer, chess players are being compared to artificial intelligence. Researchers are trying to find out who can play better chess. Humans or Artificial Intelligence. At present computers can only use the intelligence that is load in it. But it can have many more moves than human chess player can think. Such as computer chess program â€Å"Deep Blue†, which has beaten few chess grand masters. However, when computer plays chess, it does not think about the move it makes but performs a series of calculations to make the right move. This all based on the positions of the pieces on the board. Human chess players use their skills, judgment and previous experiences to decide about the moves they are going to make. Many chess computers can play at high levels due to fast calculations, but at this speed the computer has an advantage over human chess player because human brain cannot perform calculations at the speed a computer can. Despite this all, a human chess player can also have the advantage of thought and the abilities, which he had gained from his previous experience. If a human chess player made some unusual chess moves, which computer cannot predict because all computer intelligence is based on algorithms and any unusual move can throw computer off guard and that gives the human chess player advantage over the computer in the chess game. So the question here is, â€Å"Is the artificial intelligence is at level of human intelligence or not?† According to Boden, â€Å"The human brain is the most complex part of the human body if not the most complex subject known to human kind. Although a computer may work on a complicated series of circuits and processors it is a relatively simple item to ...

Beowulf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Beowulf - Essay Example Half a century after the battle with Grandel’s mother Beowulf is faced with another battle, which involves a dragon whose golden cup had been stolen; together with Wiglaf, Beowulf defeats the monster, however he later dies due to the wounds inflicted on him (Zemeckis, 2007). The movie was made during a time when the Angles and Saxons were migrating to England between the late 5th century to early 7th century. During this time, the people were obsessed with legends who could protect them from supernatural beings such as the monsters. During this period, scholars were creating stories that involved both historic events and fictious ones therefore, it was difficult to determine where they set boundaries between fiction and reality in their stories. The culture of the people during the period when the movie was made can be found from how the characters have been portrayed in the film, for instance, the inclusion of fictional characters and events such as the dragon and the fight with the dragon show that the people in this period were highly superstitious. In addition, the movie was created from a manuscript that is thought to have been passed down through oral traditions showing some of the ways that the society at that time used to preserve their history. The action of Beowulf to go and help Hroogar show that the communities at those times were closely knit, as they were ready to help each other freely. The happening s during the time when the movie was made must have influenced the director since the way he has depicted the characters shows a setting that can be associated with ancient times. Although the movie was released in 2007, the director has used graphics that portray the cast and the location as those in the period when the movie was made. In the movie the director has also used the names of characters that existed during the period when the movie was made therefore